Tribute to R. G. Boutilier: the effect of size on the physiological and behavioural responses of oscar, Astronotus ocellatus, to hypoxia.

The physiological and behavioural responses of two size groups of oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) to hypoxia were studied. The physiological responses were tested by measuring MO2 during decreasing environmental oxygen
tensions. Larger oscars were better able to maintain oxygen consumption during a decrease in PO2, regulating routine MO2 to a significantly lower PO2 threshold
(50·mmHg) than smaller oscars (70·mmHg).
Previous studies have also demonstrated a longer survival time of large oscars exposed to extreme hypoxia, coupled with a greater anaerobic enzymatic capability. Large oscars began aquatic surface respiration (ASR) at the oxygen tension at which the first significant decrease in MO2 was seen (50·mmHg). Interestingly, smaller oscars postponed ASR to around 22·mmHg, well beyond the PO2 at which they switched from oxyregulation to oxyconformation.
Additionally, when given the choice between an hypoxic environment containing aquatic macrophyte shelter and an open normoxic environment, small fish showed a greater preference for the hypoxic environment. Thus shelter from predators appears particularly important for juveniles, who may accept a greater physiological compromise in exchange for safety. In response to hypoxia
without available shelter, larger fish reduced their level of activity (with the exception of aggressive encounters) to aid metabolic suppression whereas smaller oscars increased their activity, with the potential benefit of
finding oxygen-rich areas.