Taxonomy among triplets: opening the black box

In this paper, we discuss differences among risk, crisis, and disaster. These concepts are commonly and interchangeably used but are conceptually different from each other. It is pivotal to understand their differences in order to manage them. Within each of these concepts, the paper offers an overview of the literature, particularly the definitions, types, characteristics, and management approaches to develop a taxonomy of risk, crisis, and disaster. Sixteen dimensions of difference were identified for the taxonomy. Further distinguishing dimensions are developed. By plotting existing literature against the origin, mitigation, and recovery publication of each of these concepts, an agenda of future research topics is developed.