Research on carbon emission accounting of municipal wastewater treatment plants based on carbon footprint

In the context of global carbon neutrality, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as key sources of greenhouse gas emissions, urgently require quantification of carbon emissions and implementation of mitigation strategies. This study establishes a life-cycle carbon footprint model encompassing the stages of pretreatment, biological treatment (AAO process), and sludge treatment, with integrated consideration of munici-pal sewer networks. Key findings reveal the following: The biological treatment stage con-tributes 68.14% of total carbon emissions. N₂O (nitrous oxide), due to its high global warming potential (GWP), is the primary source of direct emissions (0.333 kg CO₂-eq/m³). In the pretreatment stage, 80.4% of carbon emissions originate from the electricity con-sumption of sewage lifting pump stations (0.030 kg CO₂-eq/m³). During the sludge treat-ment stage, carbon emissions are concentrated in residual sludge lifting (0.0086 kg CO₂-eq/m³) and sludge dewatering/pressing (0.0088 kg CO₂-eq/m³). Accordingly, this study proposes the following mitigation strategies: novel nitrogen removal processes should be implemented to optimize aeration control and enhance methane (CH₄) recovery during the biological period, and variable frequency drive (VFD) pumps and IoT (Internet of Things) technologies should be employed to reduce energy consumption during the pretreatment period, and during the sludge treatment period, low-carbon dewatering technologies should be adopted. This work provides a theoretical foundation for process-specific car-bon management in WWTPs and facilitates the synergistic advancement of environmental stewardship and dual-carbon objectives through technology–system integration.