Neutron hole states in ¹³¹Sn and spin-orbit splitting in neutron-rich nuclei

In atomic nuclei, the spin-orbit interaction originates from the coupling of the orbital motion of a nucleon with its intrinsic spin. Recent experimental and theoretical works have suggested a weakening of the spin-orbit interaction in neutron-rich nuclei far from stability. To study this phenomenon, we have investigated the spin-orbit energy splittings of single-hole and single-particle valence neutron orbits of ¹³²Sn. The spectroscopic strength of single-hole states in ¹³¹Sn was determined from the measured differential cross sections of the tritons from the neutron-removing ¹³²Sn(d, t)¹³¹Sn reaction, which was studied in inverse kinematics at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The spectroscopic factors of the lowest 3/2⁺, 1/2⁺ and 5/2⁺ states were found to be consistent with their maximal values of (2j + 1), confirming the robust N = 82 shell closure at ¹³²Sn. We compared the spin-orbit splitting of neutron single-hole states in ¹³¹Sn to those of single-particle states in ¹³³Sn determined in a recent measurement of the ¹³²Sn(d, p)¹³³Sn reaction. We found a significant reduction of the energy splitting of the weakly bound 3p orbits compared to the well-bound 2d orbits, and that all the observed energy splittings can be reproduced remarkably well by calculations using a one-body spin-orbit interaction and a Woods–Saxon potential of standard radius and diffuseness. The observed reduction of spin-orbit splitting can be explained by the extended radial wavefunctions of the weakly bound orbits, without invoking a weakening of the spin-orbit strength.