Microalgae-derived biomaterials: a sustainable pathway for next-generation engineering applications: a sustainable pathway for next-generation engineering applications

The increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly materials has accelerated the search for renewable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based products. In this context, microalgae have emerged as a promising and versatile feedstock for the development of next-generation biomaterials due to their rapid growth rates, high carbon dioxide sequestration capacity, and rich biochemical composition, including lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides. This review explores the potential of microalgae-derived biomaterials as sustainable solutions for engineering and technological applications. The work critically examines recent advancements in the production of microalgae-based bioplastics, bio-composites, hydrogels, and carbon-derived materials, highlighting their properties, fabrication methods, and application potential across sectors such as packaging, construction, biomedical engineering, and energy storage. Key processing pathways, including biomass cultivation, harvesting, polymer extraction, and material fabrication techniques, are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the value chain.

Despite their significant potential, several challenges hinder large-scale implementation, including high production costs, scalability limitations, variability in biomass composition, and the need for improved material performance. The review also identifies emerging research directions, such as the integration of artificial intelligence for process optimisation, the development of hybrid biomaterials, and the adoption of biorefinery-based approaches to enhance economic feasibility. This work highlights the transformative potential of microalgae-derived biomaterials in advancing sustainable engineering practices and contributing to a circular bioeconomy. The insights presented aim to support future research and industrial adoption of microalgae as a viable resource for innovative material development.