TY - JOUR
T1 - IEViT
T2 - an enhanced vision transformer architecture for chest X-ray image classification
AU - Okolo, Gabriel Iluebe
AU - Katsigiannis, Stamos
AU - Ramzan, Naeem
PY - 2022/11/30
Y1 - 2022/11/30
N2 - Background and Objective: Chest X-ray imaging is a relatively cheap and accessible diagnostic tool that can assist in the diagnosis of various conditions, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, COVID-19, and others. However, the requirement for expert radiologists to view and interpret chest X-ray images can be a bottleneck, especially in remote and deprived areas. Recent advances in machine learning have made possible the automated diagnosis of chest X-ray scans. In this work, we examine the use of a novel Transformer-based deep learning model for the task of chest X-ray image classification. Methods: We first examine the performance of the Vision Transformer (ViT) state-of-the-art image classification machine learning model for the task of chest X-ray image classification, and then propose and evaluate the Input Enhanced Vision Transformer (IEViT), a novel enhanced Vision Transformer model that can achieve improved performance on chest X-ray images associated with various pathologies. Results: Experiments on four chest X-ray image data sets containing various pathologies (tuberculosis, pneumonia, COVID-19) demonstrated that the proposed IEViT model outperformed ViT for all the data sets and variants examined, achieving an F1-score between 96.39% and 100%, and an improvement over ViT of up to +5.82% in terms of F1-score across the four examined data sets. IEViT's maximum sensitivity (recall) ranged between 93.50% and 100% across the four data sets, with an improvement over ViT of up to +3%, whereas IEViT's maximum precision ranged between 97.96% and 100% across the four data sets, with an improvement over ViT of up to +6.41%. Conclusions: Results showed that the proposed IEViT model outperformed all ViT's variants for all the examined chest X-ray image data sets, demonstrating its superiority and generalisation ability. Given the relatively low cost and the widespread accessibility of chest X-ray imaging, the use of the proposed IEViT model can potentially offer a powerful, but relatively cheap and accessible method for assisting diagnosis using chest X-ray images.
AB - Background and Objective: Chest X-ray imaging is a relatively cheap and accessible diagnostic tool that can assist in the diagnosis of various conditions, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, COVID-19, and others. However, the requirement for expert radiologists to view and interpret chest X-ray images can be a bottleneck, especially in remote and deprived areas. Recent advances in machine learning have made possible the automated diagnosis of chest X-ray scans. In this work, we examine the use of a novel Transformer-based deep learning model for the task of chest X-ray image classification. Methods: We first examine the performance of the Vision Transformer (ViT) state-of-the-art image classification machine learning model for the task of chest X-ray image classification, and then propose and evaluate the Input Enhanced Vision Transformer (IEViT), a novel enhanced Vision Transformer model that can achieve improved performance on chest X-ray images associated with various pathologies. Results: Experiments on four chest X-ray image data sets containing various pathologies (tuberculosis, pneumonia, COVID-19) demonstrated that the proposed IEViT model outperformed ViT for all the data sets and variants examined, achieving an F1-score between 96.39% and 100%, and an improvement over ViT of up to +5.82% in terms of F1-score across the four examined data sets. IEViT's maximum sensitivity (recall) ranged between 93.50% and 100% across the four data sets, with an improvement over ViT of up to +3%, whereas IEViT's maximum precision ranged between 97.96% and 100% across the four data sets, with an improvement over ViT of up to +6.41%. Conclusions: Results showed that the proposed IEViT model outperformed all ViT's variants for all the examined chest X-ray image data sets, demonstrating its superiority and generalisation ability. Given the relatively low cost and the widespread accessibility of chest X-ray imaging, the use of the proposed IEViT model can potentially offer a powerful, but relatively cheap and accessible method for assisting diagnosis using chest X-ray images.
KW - chest radiography
KW - deep learning
KW - image classification
KW - vision transformer
KW - x-Rays
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85138420078&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107141
DO - 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107141
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85138420078
SN - 0169-2607
VL - 226
JO - Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
JF - Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
M1 - 107141
ER -
