Advancing net-zero aviation: microalgae-driven CO₂ utilisation and renewable jet fuel pathways

The transition to low-carbon aviation has intensified the need for alternative energy pathways capable of reducing dependence on fossil-derived jet fuels. Microalgae have emerged as a promising biological resource with the ability to simultaneously mitigate industrial carbon emissions and generate energy-rich biomass suitable for conversion into sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). By assimilating CO₂ through photosynthetic processes, microalgae can accumulate substantial quantities of lipids and hydrocarbons that can be refined into drop-in aviation fuels. This paper explores contemporary advances in microalgal biorefinery approaches, including cultivation enhancement, CO₂ delivery optimisation, and photobioreactor design innovations that boost productivity and lipid yield. Updated life-cycle assessments reported in current literature indicate that algal-derived SAFs may cut net greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 60%–70% compared to conventional jet fuel, highlighting their potential role in future decarbonisation strategies. Furthermore, integrating microalgae facilities with industrial flue gas streams is discussed as a pragmatic route to improving system efficiency and scalability. Overall, microalgae-based SAF production presents a practical, circular-economy-aligned pathway for reducing aviation emissions while supporting global progress toward net-zero goals.